Як передати чужі слова? : Opentalk

Передача інформації за допомогою непрямої мови на англійській мові – це один з основних показників вашої ерудиції та освіченості. Існує дійсно величезна кількість варіантів, як донести повідомлення мовця, не вдаючись до прямої мови і банального say. Ви зможете не тільки урізноманітнити своє мовлення, але й надати їй тонке емоційне забарвлення: додати нотки гніву, радості, впевненості або ж розчарування. Для передачі непрямої мови існує безліч варіантів. У даній статті ми приділимо особливу увагу дієсловам. Зверніть увагу: мало знати слово (тут: дієслово) і його переклад, слід також звернути увагу на конструкцію, яка з ним вживається. Зібрана інформація була систематизована і подана у вигляді таблиці для кращого запам’ятовування. Отже, давайте ознайомимося.

У даній таблиці ми виділяємо п’ять основних схем передачі непрямої мови (Паттернів / Patterns) за допомогою дієслів. У першій колонці стоїть безпосередньо саме дієслово, у другій – переклад його на українську мову, далі – приклад прямої мови, і в останній колонці – варіант передачі репліки мовця за допомогою згаданого дієслова. Слід також звернути увагу, що в деяких схемах присутні «квадратні дужки». Це означає, що елемент не є обов’язковим. Таблиця складена таким чином, що ви можете самостійно перевіряти, наскільки добре засвоїли матеріал. Наприклад, повторювати переклад дієслів, закривши першу колонку, спробувати передати пряму мову задопомогою непрямої, закривши останню колонку і т. д. Тепер приступимо безпосередньо до нашої таблиці:

Introductory Verb	Translation	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Pattern 1 — Verb + that-clause
Verb + [that]
agree	Погоджуватися	“Ok, I was wrong.”	He agreed that he had been wrong.
claim	Заявляти	“I saw the UFO.”	He claimed that he had seen the UFO.
complain	Жалітися	“You never share any secrets with me!”	She complained that I never share any secrets with her.
admit	Признавати	“I was really unfriendly to him.”	She admitted that she had been unfriendly to him.
deny	Заперечувати	“I didn’t break your favourite cup!”	He denied that he had broken the cup.
exclaim	Вигукнути	“I am so happy!”	She exclaimed that she was very happy.
explain	Роз’яснити	“You see, there’s no point in going there right now.”	He explained that there was no point in going there at that very moment.
recommend	Радити	“You’d better stay at home.”	She recommended that we stayed at home.
prove	Доказувати	“See, the system works.”	He proved that the system worked.
insist	Наполягати	“You do need to be present at the meeting.”	They insisted that I need to be present at the meeting.
regret	шкодувати	“If only I could go on a vacation this year.”	She regrets that she can’t go on a vacation this year.
state	Стверджувати	“I have never seen the young man before.”	The witness stated that she had never seen the young man before.
promise	Обіцяти	“I will be back no later than eight o’clock.”	Dad promised that he will be back no later than eight o’clock.
suggest	Пропонувати	“Shall we spend the evening together?”	He suggested that they spent the evening together.
assert	Cndthl;edfnb	“Nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.”	The scientists asserted that nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.
contend	Заявляти	“The Earth may be much younger than previously thought.”	Some astronomers contend that the Earth may be much younger than previously thought.
maintain	Підтверджувати	“The new economic reforms may lead to a new crisis in the country.”	Financial analysts maintain that the new economic reforms may lead to a new crisis in the country.
declare	повідомляти	“Brown’s case should be reviewed.”	The court declared that Brown’s case should be reviewed.
imply	припускати	“I am angry no more”, she grinned.	Her grin implied that she was still angry.
observe	помічати	“He was driving at the speed over 90 miles per hour.”	The officer observed that he was driving over 90 miles per hour.
note	підмічати	“As far as I can see, you have no previous criminal record.”	The judge noted that the defendant had no previous criminal record.
comment	коментувати	“Your friend’s behavior is absolutely outrageous.”	Dad commented that his daughter’s friend’s behavior was absolutely outrageous.
point out	Звертати увагу	“It is very important to earn enough to be independent.”	She pointed out that it is very important to earn enough to be independent.
Verb + object + [that]
inform smb.	сповіщати комусь	“You will be interviewed on Thursday.”	The manager informed me that I will be interviewed on Thursday.
warn smb.	попереджати когось	“This is a very dangerous liquid.”	Dad warned the son that the liquid was very dangerous.
persuade smb.	переконувати когось	“Do buy that jacket! It’s gorgeous.”	She persuaded her friend to buy the jacket.
tell smb.	говорити комусь	“I spent the whole weekend working on my thesis.”	He told us that he had spent the whole weekend working on his thesis.
advise smb.	радити комусь	“You should visit your grandparents more often.”	The neighbour advised her that she should visit her grandparents more often.
remind smb.	нагадувати комусь	“Don’t forget to take away the suit from the dry-cleaner’s.”	Mrs. Evans reminded him that he should take away the suit from the dry-cleaner’s.
Pattern 2 — Verb + Infinitive
Verb + [not] + to-inf
agree	Погоджуватися	“Ok, I will help you with the test. ”	He agreed to help her with the test.
demand	Вимагати	“Do give the money I paid back to me!”	He demanded to give the money he had paid back to him.
offer	Пропонувати	“Shall I make some coffee for you?”	He offered to make some coffee for us.
decide	Вирішувати	“I will go to Germany next year.”	She decided to go to Germany next year.
promise	Обіцяти	“I won’t be late.”	He promised not to be late.
refuse	Відмовлятися	“I won’t accompany you to the party.”	He refused to accompany her to the party.
threaten	Погрожувати	“Unless you leave, I’ll call the police.”	She threatened to call the police unless he left.
claim	Заявляти	“I am a vegetarian.”	She claimed to be a vegetarian.
Verb + sb + [not] + to-inf
advise	Радити	“You should sleep more.”	The doctor advised him to sleep more.
allow	Дозволяти	“You may go out.”	The teacher allowed the pupil to go out.
ask	Просити	“Please let me know when the dinner’s ready.”	He asked her to let him know when the dinner would be ready.
beg	Благати	“Please do stay with me.”	He begged her to stay with him.
command	Наказувати	“Turn to the left and go straight ahead.”	He commanded to turn to the left and go straight ahead.
encourage	Підтримувати	“Come on! Call him!”	The friend encouraged her to call him.
forbid	Забороняти	“Don’t touch the dog!”	Mother forbade her little son to touch the dog.
recommend	Радити	“You should change the password immediately.”	He recommended her to change the password immediately.
instruct	Навчати	“Mix the eggs with some sugar.”	She instructed him to mix the eggs with some sugar.
invite	Запрошувати	“Come to see us on Saturday.”	They invited us to come on Saturday.
order	Розпоряджатися	“Come on in and sit down.”	He ordered the boy to come in and sit down.
permit	Дозволяти	“You may smoke here if you like.”	She permitted him to smoke there.
persuade	Переконувати	“Let’s go out somewhere for a drink.”	He persuaded Charles to go out somewhere for a drink.
remind	Нагадувати	“Don’t forget to put the oven mittens on.”	Mom reminded me to put the oven mittens on.
urge	Спонукати	“Please do get in touch as soon as you can.”	Susan urged them to get in touch.
tell	Говорити	“Close the window, it’s too cold in here.”	She told him to close the window as it was too cold in there.
warn	Попереджати	“Don’t touch the boiling kettle.”	She warned the kid not to touch the boiling kettle.
want	Хотіти	“Don’t tell Mary about that.”	She didn’t want Mary to know that.
Pattern 3 — Verb + Gerund
Verb + [not] + gerund
deny	Заперечувати	“I didn’t steal the necklace.”	He denied having stolen the necklace.
admit	Признавати	“It was me who broke the machine.”	He admitted having broken the machine.
recommend	Радити	“You should drink more water.”	The doctor recommended drinking more water.
suggest	Пропонувати	“Let’s go to Greece in summer.”	Mike suggested going to Greece in summer.
regret	Співчувати	“I am sorry I waste so much time on computer games.”	He regrets wasting so much time on computer games.
advise	Радити	“Drink a glass of water every time before meals.”	The nutritionist advises drinking a glass of water every time before meals.
Verb + preposition + [not] + gerund
apologise for	Вибачатися за	“I am sorry I can’t spend enough time with our family.”	He apologized for not spending enough time with the family.
admit to	Признаватися в	“It was me who broke the window.”	The boy admitted to having broken the window.
boast about	Хвастатися чимось	“I am the senior manager of the company.”	She boasted about being the senior manager of the company.
object to	Заперечувати	“I won’t rewrite the article.”	He objected to rewriting the article.
insist on	Наполягати на	“It’s very advisable for you to see the new movie.”	He insisted on seeing the new movie.
Verb + object + preposition + [not] + gerund
accuse smb. of	звинувачувати когост в чомусь	“It was he who killed John.”	The witness accused him of having killed John.
complain to smb. about	жалітися комусь на щось	“I am so sick and tired of this boring project.”	Leo complained to his brother about being sick and tired with that boring project.
criticise smb. for	критикувати когось за щось	“You are always so inattentive.”	She criticized her daughter for being always inattentive.
blame smb. for	винити когось в чомусь	“You are absolutely heartless.”	She blamed him for being absolutely heartless.
congratulate smb. on	поздроровляти когось з чимось	“Our best wishes for the baby boy!”	They congratulated her on having a son.
praise smb. for	хвалити когось за щось	“You are so courageous!”	The mayor praised the rescue team for being very courageous.
suspect smb. of	підозрювати когось в чомусь	“Have you told her my secret?”	Jane suspected Ann of having told her secret.
Pattern 4 — Verb + object
describe	Описувати	“The nature is really gorgeous there.”	She described the beauty of the nature there.
emphasize	Підкреслювати; робити наголос	“It is an extremely important issue.”	The colonel emphasized the importance of the issue.
highlight	Виділяти	“Here’s the plan for the conference.”	The chief highlighted the plan for the conference.
stress	Підкреслювати	“This is a very awkward situation.”	He stressed the awkwardness of the situation.
prove	Доказувати	“See, I told you it was all his guilt.”	She proved his guilt.
mention	Згадувати	“By the way, she’s Lisa.”	He mentioned her name, Lisa.
put forward	Пропонувати	“We’ve got a number of suggestions.”	They put forward a number of suggestions.
propose	Пропонувати	“Let’s do it that way…”	He proposed his solution.
question	Піддавати сумніву	“I am not sure whether we can trust him.”	Jack questioned the man’s reliability.
cast doubt on	ставити під сумнів	“I am not quite sure he is a good professional.”	We cast doubt on his professionalism.
Pattern 5 — Reported Questions
wonder what / why / how / where + clause (when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the indirect question)	здивуватися	He asked himself, “How old is she?” She asked herself, “Where have I left my purse?” He asked himself, “Why did she leave me?” He asked himself, “What is the point of calling her?”	He wondered how old she was. She wondered where she had left her purse. He wondered why she had left him. He wondered what the point of calling her was.
wonder whether + to-inf or clause wonder where / what / how + to-inf (when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb)	цікавитися	She asked herself, “Shall I forgive him?” He asked himself, “Where shall I stay for a night?” She asked herself, “What shall I do now?” He asked himself, “How shall I ask her to give me another chance?”	She wondered whether to respond him. / She wondered whether she should respond him. He wondered where to stay for a night. She wondered what to do then. He wondered how to ask her for another chance.

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